Properties of Matter

Properties of Bulk Matter

Understanding heat, temperature, and thermal behavior

What is Heat and Temperature?

🔥 Heat

Heat is a form of energy that produces the sensation of warmth. It flows from higher temperature to lower temperature regions.

🌡️ Temperature

Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body. It determines the direction of heat flow.

Temperature Scales

Celsius (°C): Water freezes at 0°C, boils at 100°C

Fahrenheit (°F): Water freezes at 32°F, boils at 212°F

Kelvin (K): Absolute scale, water freezes at 273.15K

Conversion Formula:

C100=F−32180=K−273100\frac{C}{100} = \frac{F-32}{180} = \frac{K-273}{100}

Key Topics Covered

  • ✓ Thermal Expansion (Linear, Superficial, Cubical)
  • ✓ Specific Heat Capacity and Calorimetry
  • ✓ Latent Heat (Fusion & Vaporization)
  • ✓ Heat Transfer (Conduction, Convection, Radiation)
  • ✓ Thermal Conductivity
  • ✓ Stefan's Law and Newton's Law of Cooling